Feed: vrdevelopers - AggScore: 45.5

Computer programs

In system programming, there is a more formal definition as placed in memory and executed by the native processor to achieve some goal. Here are underlined two features: finding the program in memory and performance processor.

Software development process consists of several stages, of which only in a narrow sense, a direct creation of software code is called “programming”. In the home under the programming often refers to the entire software development process, and the people involved in this activity are called programmers.

And write the source code by using the programming languages, it’s easier to understand and edit. This, in particular, help to comments that are valid in the syntax of most languages. To run on your computer ready program text is translated (compiled) into machine code.

Some programming languages allow you to do without precompilation and translate it into native instructions directly at run time. This process is called dynamic compilation and it allows for better portability across different hardware and software platforms, while preserving many pros compilation.

Interpreted programs, which generally does not apply the process of compilation and interpreted operating system or special software-interpreters are called scripts or “scripts”.

Source code for computer programs in most programming languages, consist of a list of statements that accurately describe their algorithm. This approach is called imperative programming. However, uses other programming methodology. For example, a description of the source and the required characteristics of processed data and the provision of suitable algorithm solution specialized programme-the interpreter, this is called a declarative programming. The declarative programming are functional and logical, as well as less common types of programming.

Most computer users use programs designed for specific applications, such as the preparation and execution of documents, mathematical calculations, image processing etc. related software tools are software applications or application software. Manage components of the computer system and the formation of the environment for the operation of the software assumes the system software, the most important component of the operating system.

Digital computer

A computer is a device that can process data using a programmable calculation rule. Initially, information processing (the input and output of data) was limited to the processing of figures. With increasing efficiency, opened up new areas of application. Computers are found today in all areas of daily life. For example, integrated computers (embedded system) serve to control of washing machines and other devices of everyday life of the VCR up to the coin check in vending machines; also in the mobile phone is a computer; Personal computers serve the information processing industry and authorities as well as private individuals; Supercomputers are used to simulate complex processes such as climate research or for thermodynamic issues and medical computing.

Basically two constructions differ: A computer is a digital computer, when it processes digital data with digital entities (i.e. numbers and text characters); It is an analog computer, when it processes analog data with analog device units (so continuously running electrical parameters such as voltage or current).

Today almost exclusively digital computers are used. They follow common principles, which allows you to their free programming. A digital computer distinguish these two fundamental components: the hardware, which is formed from the electronic, as well as the software that describes the programming of the computer.

A digital computer consists only of hardware. The hardware first provides a so called memory chunks such as on the numbered pages of a book stored and retrieved at any time to the processing or output data. Secondly, the calculator of hardware features basic building blocks for free programming and can represent any arbitrary processing logic for data: these devices are basically the calculation, the comparison and the conditional jump (see when a jump statement). A digital computer can, for example, two numbers add, compare the result with a third number, and then depending on the outcome of either the one or the other point of the program will continue. In computer science, this model is theoretically imaged by the Turing machine; the Turing machine represents the fundamental considerations of the predictability.

Only by a software, the digital computer is useful. Any software is essentially a defined, functional arrangement of the above modules calculation, comparison and conditional jump, where the building blocks can be used any number of times. This arrangement of the building blocks, referred to as program, is placed in the form data in the memory of the computer. By the hardware can be read and processed from there. This operating principle of the digital computer has changed significantly since its origins in the middle of the 20th century, although the details of the technology have been greatly improved.

Stage in the development of computing technology

About, the great Leonardo da Vinci designed the illumination device 13-bit, which has come before us. The number of valid first machine was built in 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French physicist, mathematician and engineer. 8-bit machines have been preserved to our days.

Remarkable how the results of Pascal, to make the car practically useful and widely used (mechanical computing device capable of performing arithmetic operations) almost 250 years. Already at the beginning of the 19th century, the development of science and practice (mathematics, mechanics, astronomy, engineering, navigation, etc.) is so highthat they require the calculation of the volume’s strongest beyond human ability. Asoutstanding scholars from around the world, and hundreds of people, devoted his life tothe design of mechanical computing devices.

Back in the 70′s century on the shelves of a mechanical adding machine, equipped withelectromechanical power drive and the computer keyboard. As often happens, they are quite long, and written with stunning how completely different-level automatic digitalcomputer, which is more commonly called a mainframe in a popular term. The famous British mathematician and engineer Charles Babbage’s analytical engine. In 1822, was designed and built for almost 30 years, at first named “Delta” and then, after a lot of improvement projects, “analytical”. In the “analysis” engine is putting the principles of fundamental computer science.

To calculate the volume significantly, not only how fast is arithmetic, but it’s not the “gaps” that require direct human intervention. For example,most modern calculators do not meet this requirement, while every available it acts very quickly. Operations must follow one after another without interruption.

To automate the operation of the program should be included in the actuating device speed commensurate with the execution speed of operation. Babbage proposes to useto record the program and their input into the machine punch cards, which were thenused to control the machine.

Revolutionary idea met with failure through mechanical engineering, since before the first electric motor remained for nearly half a century, the first electronic lights and radio-nearly half a century! For the first time automatically applies the computing device has appeared in the middleof the 20th century.

Determine your computer’s hardware configuration in Linux

When buying a new computer is always a logical question might arise, and that he had inside? Be remembered under Windows there are tons of good quality programs that can collect more than details about the surgery. With Linux, in principle, the situation is not worse, taking only what not always means that you want to have a graphical interface, and in some cases the information should still be able to read it. If you have already been working with Linux for the previous line would probably even not paid.

In what situations you might want to know that “inside” the computer or laptop? I’ll give examples of facing himself. As a normal human being, to buying a new laptop was preparing for a long time when finally found the point where you can buy it, it turned out that the guys in the shop are clueless about its configuration.

As I have before me the task I decided then just downloaded Ubuntu Linux image, has filled in the blank disc and went into the store, there by booting from my LiveCD I learned all that was required. Actually what I described above, this is one way to know the hardware configuration of your computer as well as Linux itself has built-in tools that you can use it very much and to know more about the computer.

Types of Computers

Computers can be classified by size. There are large enterprises, midsize, mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers and small, divided into two categories: those of mesa (desktops) and laptops (notebooks and handhelds).

Conceptually they all perform similar built-in functions, but in different scales.

The Mainframes stand out for having very high processing power and memory capacity, and control data-intensive activities, being rather high cost. Operate on MIPS (million instructions per second).

The classification of a given computer can be done in various ways, as for example in terms of:

-processing capacity;
-processing speed and volume of transactions;
-information storage capacity;
-sophistication of software available and compatibility;
-memory size and CPU type.

Desktop microcomputers are the most used in the market in General, as meet a multitude of applications; are divided into two platforms: PC, personal computers from IBM and Apple Macintosh. The two patterns of micros several models, configurations and optional.

About two decades ago, the concept of the era server of those occupying a large mainframes footprint in the enterprise, in addition to having an entire cooling system, several times had need to do maintenance on the machine. With the arrival of micros more robust and popularization of PCs, less investment, greater flexibility and diversity of resources, many companies have made dowsing (replace the mainframes for microcomputers), replacing the large port to the client/server architecture.

The history of computing

The history of computing confuses himself with human history itself, conceiving it as being the information science.

The first instruments humans used to facilitate the calculations were undoubtedly the fingers of the hands. This “tool” was sufficient for its time, because arithmetic operations to take place were very simple.

With the development of the society in which he lived, the man was faced with situations involving ever larger and more complex calculations. This need arises the first instrument created especially to assist the achievement of calculations: the abacus, which was used for 5,000 years and still today, has been, with some modifications in certain places of the world, such as in Japan, China, the Soviet Union, among others.

Another important inventor in this process of evolution, was Charles Babbage, who in 1823 designed the “differential machine” and in 1834 the analytical engine; Although they have not been completed, inspired a series of equipment developed years later. Through this collaboration, was considered the father of computers.

In 1880 Herman Hollerith created a machine to tabulate the census in the us. It was the first use of punched card. Success with the results obtained led to the search for generalizing using Hollerith hers to commercial applications.
Later it would be created the International Business Machines Corporation, IBM, known to this day.

In 1906 she was born modern electronics and enabled processing, communication and data storage, what was once little viable through electro-mechanical mechanism. This year, Lee De Forest, American engineer, invents the electronic valve.

The transistor in 1947, would cause the real jump in electronics, replacing the valve; a true revolution. Precisely in 1964, some American industries moving towards production of integrated circuit (IC), which roughly speaking, is an electronic component with hundreds or thousands of transistors.

In the Decade of 60, was created the microprocessor, the microcomputer’s “brain”, which is also called a CHIP. This is a silicon chip, which concentrates itself all basic electronic components required for the functioning of the computer. Thanks to the emergence of the CHIP, appear the first microcomputers.

From 1970 onwards, technological developments are focused primarily on the demand for more accurate processes of miniaturization of built-in components of microcomputers. This process allowed the reduction of the weight of the equipment and its size; increased storage capacity; data processing and finally, the consequent reduction of its cost.

Information technology

In recent decades many aspects of our lives have undergone great transformations, and undoubtedly the computers and the modern computer technology with a decisive role in these transformations.

There are little more than 40 years, a trip to the Moon, phone dialers, Conference calls between two continents, cash withdrawals outside banking hours, sophisticated clinical and robots that build other machines were more optimistic assumptions, themes of science fiction books, possible only in a distant future. Nowadays, thanks to the development of computers and information technology, this futuristic fiction becomes everyday reality.

If we consider a common man in a big city, we can realize together with your day to day, how many contacts it has with it. To withdraw cash at an automated teller machine, to use the phone and even when your daily newspaper read, the modern man is making use of information technology. However, among the various aspects through which this type of technology is undeniably is the one who reveals the microcomputer more presence of information technology in today’s world. Its popularity has been responsible for a real revolution in our habits and our social organization.

Computer technology that makes automatic Information should not intimidate nor deceive, it and computers were created to solve problems and assist people.

Today, we can see the technological advancement in various areas such as: medicine, telecommunications, transport, education, etc. Without doubt, this technology that has accompanied us and will continue over the next few years increasingly, will allow further progress will be conquered, in increasingly shorter deadlines, changing even more our habits and social organization, transforming the future in the present. To understand better this transformation, it is necessary to know the process by which it was developed, and the trajectory of the computer, until you reach the current microcomputer.

Mathematics and computer science

Computer science faculties of mathematics grew. There, they were doing the first steps, there are known and remain in close communication with mathematics. In many colleges and universities in mathematics and computer science coexist within a single organizational structure. Many consider this heretical question. “How can you doubt? -tell them. Logic and precision of mathematical representations is an integral part of computer science, has always been, and will continue to “. And it is difficult to challenge.

However, there is another point of view. It is more complex and unusual, and therefore requires careful wording. In fact, they then had opportunities to engage in something else. No other characters, except digits, they did not know, and could not imagine that these amazing new devices suitable for something else. It was the age of computing as the section of applied mathematics. Computers performed with numbers untold tricks previously considered impossible or require an incredible amount of mathematicians and horrendously long.

When we are seeking to establish in “computing machine” all characters of all the world’s languages, the basic material for the computer is no longer a digitized information. In one way or another, computer science remains the most influential party in this area, and they continue to treat math as the core of the whole. For example, in Government reports on the future programming, often calls “Add Mathematics” in the still immature programming theory and practice.

Meanwhile, over the decades, the nature of computer practice has changed. First calculate the oriented math and information was two very different and related disciplines. Specialists in calculations were brought up at mechanical calculators and computers as extremely fast and reliable electric adding machines. Information workers have grown by punch cards and saw computers as a very fast and reliable tool for processing punch card. Math computers talk in the language of binary words consisting of a fixed number of bits, and at first, rarely used any “symbols”, even numbers. On the contrary, information processors use numerals or symbols, and “the word” considered “installed programs: dynamically tag word” to indicate how many characters contains the current version of a single information field.

Gradually the differences in hardware for computing and information processing had become blurred. In the early 1960’s, it was observed that binary computers capable of processing symbols, and decimal and binary calculations are faster and cheaper than the old machines for processing information, symbols, and numbers. When in the mid-to-late 1960’s IBM 360 has appeared on stage, hardware differences between the two areas virtually disappeared. An information processor still decimal computation executes as a complement to the binary, but it was a slight difference compared to the rest of the computer, the majority of whom had greater things than just arithmetic.

Modern computers, and it will have to accept even the most stubborn adherents of mathematics are much broader than just for arithmetic and mathematics. There are word processors, simulators, games and various programming tools, such as compilers, where virtually no mathematics. Of course, there are also e tabular processors that perform a significant amount of calculations, as well as scientific and engineering programs where mathematics is essential, but all mathematical application is, of course, occupy a smaller part of the whole range of applications of computers.

Physical address extension

All are disappointed when they get less than you expect. It is an experience shared by every day pc users: just take a look at the control panel (by clicking with the right mouse button on my computer or Computer, and then click Properties), and users of Windows to 32-bit notice have much less Ram than actually installed on your computer.

With 64 bit this problem does not exist anymore, but many users are not willing to replace their XP with Windows 7 to 64 bits. Many manufacturers of notebooks and assembled systems on 32 bit link consciously, because in this way, there are fewer incompatibilities, and charges for assistance are therefore minors. Nevertheless, these manufacturers equip their computers with “ben 4 Gb Ram” and advertise them accordingly. Very affordable prices convince memories also many users to expand Ram present on their system. To take advantage of dual channel, then normally the pc two blocks of memory from 2 Gb.

The limits of 32-bit
The 32 bit computer has therefore at its disposal 232 memory address, i.e. 4.294.967.296, a figure that corresponds exactly to the 4 Gb of Ram installed. Unfortunately, even the devices connected to the system, as a Usb controller, or video cards, tv cards have require memory address to function properly.However, these addresses are no longer available for memory addressing, and then a part of Ram cannot be exploited. The amount of unused Ram can be included, depending on the system, between 300 and 1,024 Mb.

For some years the Physical Address Extension (Pae), a technology that allows you to artificially expand the address range. The memory that until then remained unused, now can be used for specific tasks. In this case the limiting factor is processor addressing lines. Who owns even a Intel Pentium processor (or earlier) has only 32 addressing lines and cannot take advantage of Pae technology. From Pentium Pro to the current Cpu Core 2 Duo or Quad, Intel processors have 36 addressing lines, which allow an address space up to 64 Gb.

Theoretical level, with an Athlon 64 is even possible route 1 Tb. The Pae should be enabled by default since XP with SP2. Often, however, the system is believed to have found an incompatibility and prevents automatic activation. In XP you can enable physical address extension by editing the Boot .ini file. In order to view this file, start Windows Explorer by pressing Windows + keys simultaneously and Go now in the root directory, which is normally C:. Click on Tools/folder options and click the view tab. Disable the Hide protected system files and confirm your choice. Put a checkmark in the box Show hidden files and folders.

Now open the file Boot .ini with the editor and add the/PAE option to the startup process OS reported under the heading [Operating Systems]. Then, in Control Panel/System will be the physical address Extension.

With Vista or Windows 7 32 bit to proceed in this way: open the Command Prompt by typing cmd in the search box, and then click with the right mouse button on the file cmd.exe and select run as administrator.Type then the BCDedit command/set PAE forceenable and restart your pc. If your system devices do not give problems with the new address range means that you have passed the first hurdle.

The more random access memory

The more random access memory (RAM) installed on your computer better. After own CPU RAM is arguably the most important element to the performance of your computer. To find out how much RAM you need you need to know to which utility you will use the computer. If you want to use the computer with the Windows XP operating System, internet access and use Office applications (Microsoft word, Microsoft Excel and Power Point) two hundred and fifty-six megabytes (256 MB) is the minimum for acceptable performance. However if you want to use Windows Vista or the latest version of Microsoft Windows Seven to perform these same tasks, seek to put at least one gigabyte of memory (1024MB). I say “at least” why with this amount of memory your system will work much less than expected. Note that we’re talking about common and everyday usage (internet access, text editor and spreadsheet) If you want a shoe geared to games or animation/modeling in three dimensions is quantity may not be enough to you. In this case invest in by four gigabytes of memory. Another question is how much memory VRAM you want in your video card. With the reduction of these plates is easy you acquire one of the five hundred and twelve megabytes (512 MB).