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Recycling and reuse of wastewater will do away with the need of using fresh water. The extent to which the processes involved in wastewater treatment are cost effective and easy to follow will act as an impetus. Hence discussing about the processes involved in wastewater treatment and their relative merits and demerits becomes pertinent.
Like Sedimentation tanks, Septic tanks (Imhoff tanks) can play a major role in the process of removing solids from wastewater.
Designed by Karl Imhoff of Germany, an Imhoff tank is an improved septic tank in which the incoming sewage or influent is not allowed to get mixed up with the sludge produced. Also, the outgoing sewage or effluent is not allowed to carry with it any large amount of the suspended matter as in the case of a septic tank.
**Construction and operational features**
It is a double chamber tank, the upper chamber is called the sedimentation tank or flowing-through chamber, through which sewage flows at a very low velocity; the lower chamber is the digestion chamber in which anaerobic or septic decomposition occurs.
Solids of the sewage settle to the bottom of the sedimentation chamber through the sloping bottom walls (slope 5 vertical to 4 horizontal). They are made to fall in the digestion chamber through an entrance slot at the lowest point of the sedimentation chamber. The slot is trapped or overlapped in such a way that the gases generated in the digestion chamber cannot enter the sedimentation chamber.
A gas vent, also called scum chamber is provided with the digestion chamber to take care of the gases escaping to the surface. The chief gas is methane (CH ) having a considerable fuel value and may, therefore, be separately collected for use. In order to prevent particles of sludge or scum from penetrating into the sedimentation chamber, the sludge and scum must be maintained at a distance of at least 45 cm below and above the slots respectively. The free or clear zone is called neutral zone.
The digestion chamber is made up of two or three inverted cones called hoppers with sides sloping (1 : 1) so as to concentrate the sludge at the bottom of the hopper. The sludge is removed periodically through sludge-pipe, the flow being under a hydrostatic pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 m. All the sludge is not removed, only the lower layers which are completely decomposed are withdrawn, leaving some sludge to keep the tank seeded with anaerobic bacteria.
To permit uniform distribution of settled solids throughout the length of the digestion chamber, so as to utilize the storage capacity in the greatest measure, arrangements for reversing the direction of flow through the tanks are commonly made.
**Merits**
Imhoff tanks combine the advantages of both the septic and sedimentation tanks and, as such find use in case of small treatment plants requiring only preliminary treatment. They have better economy and give good results without skilled attention with minimum problems of sludge disposal.
**Demerits**
(i) Greater depth means greater costs and especially where excavation is to be done in quick sand or solid rock, they become uneconomical. (ii) Unsuitable to acidic wastewater exists. (iii) There's no adequate control over their operation. This makes them unsuitable for use in large treatment plants where separate sludge digestion tanks are preferred.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. To learn all about wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: wastewater treatment plant on Zimbio
Like Sedimentation tanks, Septic tanks (Imhoff tanks) can play a major role in the process of removing solids from wastewater.
Designed by Karl Imhoff of Germany, an Imhoff tank is an improved septic tank in which the incoming sewage or influent is not allowed to get mixed up with the sludge produced. Also, the outgoing sewage or effluent is not allowed to carry with it any large amount of the suspended matter as in the case of a septic tank.
**Construction and operational features**
It is a double chamber tank, the upper chamber is called the sedimentation tank or flowing-through chamber, through which sewage flows at a very low velocity; the lower chamber is the digestion chamber in which anaerobic or septic decomposition occurs.
Solids of the sewage settle to the bottom of the sedimentation chamber through the sloping bottom walls (slope 5 vertical to 4 horizontal). They are made to fall in the digestion chamber through an entrance slot at the lowest point of the sedimentation chamber. The slot is trapped or overlapped in such a way that the gases generated in the digestion chamber cannot enter the sedimentation chamber.
A gas vent, also called scum chamber is provided with the digestion chamber to take care of the gases escaping to the surface. The chief gas is methane (CH ) having a considerable fuel value and may, therefore, be separately collected for use. In order to prevent particles of sludge or scum from penetrating into the sedimentation chamber, the sludge and scum must be maintained at a distance of at least 45 cm below and above the slots respectively. The free or clear zone is called neutral zone.
The digestion chamber is made up of two or three inverted cones called hoppers with sides sloping (1 : 1) so as to concentrate the sludge at the bottom of the hopper. The sludge is removed periodically through sludge-pipe, the flow being under a hydrostatic pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 m. All the sludge is not removed, only the lower layers which are completely decomposed are withdrawn, leaving some sludge to keep the tank seeded with anaerobic bacteria.
To permit uniform distribution of settled solids throughout the length of the digestion chamber, so as to utilize the storage capacity in the greatest measure, arrangements for reversing the direction of flow through the tanks are commonly made.
**Merits**
Imhoff tanks combine the advantages of both the septic and sedimentation tanks and, as such find use in case of small treatment plants requiring only preliminary treatment. They have better economy and give good results without skilled attention with minimum problems of sludge disposal.
**Demerits**
(i) Greater depth means greater costs and especially where excavation is to be done in quick sand or solid rock, they become uneconomical. (ii) Unsuitable to acidic wastewater exists. (iii) There's no adequate control over their operation. This makes them unsuitable for use in large treatment plants where separate sludge digestion tanks are preferred.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. To learn all about wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: wastewater treatment plant on Zimbio
Date Published: Aug 22, 2008 - 8:17 am
Water as a chemical:
Pure water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It exists as liquid at ambient temperature.
Water - what it contains:
Water has both living and non-living organisms and substances in it. The living organisms can be further subdivided into macro- and micro- organisms. Macro organisms, which are biological, are those that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen through a microscope.
In contrast, microbiological micro-organisms are not visible even through a microscope.
Water quality criteria:
The quality of water is a function of several factors. These include its source, location, geological conditions, depth of water level, seasonal changes, domestic activity, agricultural activity, industrial activity, etc.
Excessive exploitation of natural resources and the use of technological advances with no concern for the ecology adversely affect air, water and land, alike.
The substances present in water can be classified as floating matter and suspended matter. Floating matter takes the form of leaves, twigs, dead organisms and algae. Examples of suspended matter present in water are silt, clay, decaying vegetable matter, bacteria, microorganisms, algae, insoluble iron, and manganese.
There are also dissolved impurities which include gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc., as well as chemical substances, minerals and salts.
Water sources and water quality:
Water quality differs according to the source. For instance, the turbidity in surface water is usually high, while ground water and sub-soil water on river beds are colorless and clear. Again, sub-soil water and ground water are more likely to have totally dissolved solids than surface water. The presence of hardness, alkalinity, fluoride, chloride and nitrate are all more likely in ground water than in surface level or sub-soil water. Bacteria and organic matter are more likely to be found in surface level water than in ground or sub-soil water.
Water pollution:
Water is essential for living, just like air. One may live without air for a few minutes. But, without water, one is sure to die within a few days. We all know about air pollution. Water pollution is also the gift of modern man to posterity.
How water gets polluted:
Pollution of water sources is caused by sewage and sullage from human settlements, dumping of solid wastes, wastewater from industries, and chemicals in agriculture. When foreign materials harmful to us are added, the water is sure to get polluted. Two readily such foreign materials that come readily to mind are industrial waste and sewage from cities.
Why we need good water:
We need good water for drinking by humans and animals, supporting aquatic life, generating electric power, irrigating crops in fields, and recreation such as water-based sports.
Thus the need for wastewater treatment can never be overemphasized.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. To know more about wastewater treatment, click here: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: water quality on Blogspot
Pure water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless. It exists as liquid at ambient temperature.
Water - what it contains:
Water has both living and non-living organisms and substances in it. The living organisms can be further subdivided into macro- and micro- organisms. Macro organisms, which are biological, are those that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen through a microscope.
In contrast, microbiological micro-organisms are not visible even through a microscope.
Water quality criteria:
The quality of water is a function of several factors. These include its source, location, geological conditions, depth of water level, seasonal changes, domestic activity, agricultural activity, industrial activity, etc.
Excessive exploitation of natural resources and the use of technological advances with no concern for the ecology adversely affect air, water and land, alike.
The substances present in water can be classified as floating matter and suspended matter. Floating matter takes the form of leaves, twigs, dead organisms and algae. Examples of suspended matter present in water are silt, clay, decaying vegetable matter, bacteria, microorganisms, algae, insoluble iron, and manganese.
There are also dissolved impurities which include gases like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, etc., as well as chemical substances, minerals and salts.
Water sources and water quality:
Water quality differs according to the source. For instance, the turbidity in surface water is usually high, while ground water and sub-soil water on river beds are colorless and clear. Again, sub-soil water and ground water are more likely to have totally dissolved solids than surface water. The presence of hardness, alkalinity, fluoride, chloride and nitrate are all more likely in ground water than in surface level or sub-soil water. Bacteria and organic matter are more likely to be found in surface level water than in ground or sub-soil water.
Water pollution:
Water is essential for living, just like air. One may live without air for a few minutes. But, without water, one is sure to die within a few days. We all know about air pollution. Water pollution is also the gift of modern man to posterity.
How water gets polluted:
Pollution of water sources is caused by sewage and sullage from human settlements, dumping of solid wastes, wastewater from industries, and chemicals in agriculture. When foreign materials harmful to us are added, the water is sure to get polluted. Two readily such foreign materials that come readily to mind are industrial waste and sewage from cities.
Why we need good water:
We need good water for drinking by humans and animals, supporting aquatic life, generating electric power, irrigating crops in fields, and recreation such as water-based sports.
Thus the need for wastewater treatment can never be overemphasized.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. To know more about wastewater treatment, click here: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: water quality on Blogspot
Date Published: Aug 19, 2008 - 7:13 am
It's not a widely published fact, but that's no reason why it should not be a widely acknowledged problem. The world's supply of fresh water is slowly running dry. Forty percent of the world's population is already reeling under the problem of scarcity.
Most of the diseases plaguing the world are water-borne. And while there is a child born every eight seconds in America, there is a life taken every eight seconds by some water-borne disease in other parts of the world.
Is it the lopsided distribution of fresh water that is causing climate change, or is it the climatic change that is causing this lopsided distribution? The fact is that there is a significant climate change, and as a consequence of this change, some regions are becoming drier while others are getting wetter. Some parts of the world are experiencing greater desertification, while others are suffering category 4 and 5 hurricanes.
According to the United Nations, water scarcity is amongst the most serious crises facing the world. And things are only getting worse.
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan of the erstwhile USSR, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru and Brazil in Latin America, parts of China and the Middle East especially Iran, and more than 25 countries of Africa are all suffering from varying degrees of desertification.
Global weather has gone awry. It is making poor countries poorer. Countries that are already facing drought and famine are getting less and less water. For how long can these countries run on dry?
Nowhere is the situation worse than in Africa. Almost 40 million people in 19 countries are facing imminent food shortage. Much of the livestock there will perish. The growing water shortage will make food scarcer, potable water less accessible and water-borne diseases even more rampant. And the number of people who will suffer all this is expected to touch more than 500 million by the 2025. And the global consequence: A greater dependence on international aid.
And this problem is not just limited to Africa. No one can tell which part of the globe will be next.
Blame this on nature. It's most convenient. But fact is, much of the blame belongs to increasing consumption and improper usage.
At every opportunity nature reminds us by what it does and what it doesn't, that it is one of the forces we have little control over. So there's no way we can stop the rain or start it. But what we can do is become more water-efficient - get more from every gallon of water. And the only way to do this is to recycle and reuse waste water. Water is the giver of life. It has no substitute. And every drop counts!
Many believe that the next world war is likely to be fought on the issue of water. Even though the world is two-thirds water, most of it is not potable, and much of it is not usable for any other purpose as well.
And we are busy consuming and contaminating whatever is left of it, as if it were a non-depletable resource. This article is one of several aimed at identifying ways to make the best use of water, an increasingly scarce resource, by recovering it from wastewater, whether we intend to reuse the water so recovered or let it just charge our ground water reserves.
This is aimed at a wide cross-section of people involved in taking corrective action across the world policy makers, administrators, municipal engineers & scientists, engineers & administrators in industries vested with the responsibility of wastewater treatment and management, industrial & residential property builders, academics, students and just about everyone who cares about posterity.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: Wastewater Management on Zimbio
Most of the diseases plaguing the world are water-borne. And while there is a child born every eight seconds in America, there is a life taken every eight seconds by some water-borne disease in other parts of the world.
Is it the lopsided distribution of fresh water that is causing climate change, or is it the climatic change that is causing this lopsided distribution? The fact is that there is a significant climate change, and as a consequence of this change, some regions are becoming drier while others are getting wetter. Some parts of the world are experiencing greater desertification, while others are suffering category 4 and 5 hurricanes.
According to the United Nations, water scarcity is amongst the most serious crises facing the world. And things are only getting worse.
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan of the erstwhile USSR, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru and Brazil in Latin America, parts of China and the Middle East especially Iran, and more than 25 countries of Africa are all suffering from varying degrees of desertification.
Global weather has gone awry. It is making poor countries poorer. Countries that are already facing drought and famine are getting less and less water. For how long can these countries run on dry?
Nowhere is the situation worse than in Africa. Almost 40 million people in 19 countries are facing imminent food shortage. Much of the livestock there will perish. The growing water shortage will make food scarcer, potable water less accessible and water-borne diseases even more rampant. And the number of people who will suffer all this is expected to touch more than 500 million by the 2025. And the global consequence: A greater dependence on international aid.
And this problem is not just limited to Africa. No one can tell which part of the globe will be next.
Blame this on nature. It's most convenient. But fact is, much of the blame belongs to increasing consumption and improper usage.
At every opportunity nature reminds us by what it does and what it doesn't, that it is one of the forces we have little control over. So there's no way we can stop the rain or start it. But what we can do is become more water-efficient - get more from every gallon of water. And the only way to do this is to recycle and reuse waste water. Water is the giver of life. It has no substitute. And every drop counts!
Many believe that the next world war is likely to be fought on the issue of water. Even though the world is two-thirds water, most of it is not potable, and much of it is not usable for any other purpose as well.
And we are busy consuming and contaminating whatever is left of it, as if it were a non-depletable resource. This article is one of several aimed at identifying ways to make the best use of water, an increasingly scarce resource, by recovering it from wastewater, whether we intend to reuse the water so recovered or let it just charge our ground water reserves.
This is aimed at a wide cross-section of people involved in taking corrective action across the world policy makers, administrators, municipal engineers & scientists, engineers & administrators in industries vested with the responsibility of wastewater treatment and management, industrial & residential property builders, academics, students and just about everyone who cares about posterity.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: Wastewater Management on Zimbio
Date Published: Aug 18, 2008 - 8:05 am
In a previous article, I listed some important factors you must take into account before you treat wastewater. These include the presence, in the wastewater, of acidity, alkalinity, hardness, and chloride, as well as the BOD and COD of wastewater. In this article, I have added substantially to the list. Before wastewater treatment begins, the following factors must also be considered.
Ammonia nitrogen:
This is derived from ammonium compounds and organic compounds in wastewater by aerobic or anaerobic digestion. Un-ionized ammonia is toxic to fish life. Free ammonia, in concentration above about 0.2 mg/l can cause fatalities to fish. Ammonia toxicity is not a problem in receiving waters with pH below 8.0. This can be estimated by distillation of wastewater at pH above 9. The ammonia liberated is neutralized in sulfuric acid. The excess sulfuric acid is back titrated with alkali. The estimation of ammonia can be done by any other methods like nesslerization or digestion.
Nitrate nitrogen:
Nitrate nitrogen in drinking water with high nitrate content often causes methemoglobinemia (blue-baby disease) in infants. The maximum concentration should not be allowed to exceed 45 mg/l. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite in digestive system which, in turn, attacks the hemoglobin in infants resulting in methemoglobinemia. Nitrate nitrogen can be estimated by measuring the optical density at 220 nm and 275 nm in spectrophotometer.
Nitrite:
Nitrite can also interact with amine chemically or enzymatically to form nitrosoamines which are carcinogens. This is measured by colorimetric determination using sulfanilamide.
Sulfate:
Sulfate is one of the major anions occurring in natural waters. Sulfates form hard scales in boilers and heat exchangers. Sulfate assumes significance in water and wastewater, as it is associated with odor and sewer-corrosion problems resulting from the reduction of sulfate into hydrogen sulfide under anaerobic conditions. Sulfate in water or wastewater can be estimated by precipitation with barium chloride, acidified with hydrochloric acid.
Phosphates:
Most of the synthetic detergents designed for the household applications contain large amounts of polyphosphates as builders. Many of them contain 12-13% phosphorous or over 50% poly-phosphates. The organisms involved in the biological processes of wastewater treatment require phosphorous for reproduction and synthesis of new cellular material. Phosphorous in wastewater causes eutrophication, which affects transportation in sea/lakes. The presence of phosphorous in wastewater needs to be controlled before it is discharged into the receiving water bodies. Phosphorous present in wastewater can be estimated through colorimetric technique, by adding acidified ammonium molybdate solution to form a molybdophosphate complex.
Nutrients:
Wastewater often contains large amounts of the nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of nitrate and phosphate, which promote plant growth. In severe cases, excessive nutrients in receiving waters cause algae and other plants to grow quickly depleting oxygen in the water. Deprived of oxygen, fishes and other aquatic organisms die, emitting foul odors. Nutrients from wastewater have also been linked to ocean "red tides" that poison fishes and cause illness in humans.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: wastewater on Tumblr
Ammonia nitrogen:
This is derived from ammonium compounds and organic compounds in wastewater by aerobic or anaerobic digestion. Un-ionized ammonia is toxic to fish life. Free ammonia, in concentration above about 0.2 mg/l can cause fatalities to fish. Ammonia toxicity is not a problem in receiving waters with pH below 8.0. This can be estimated by distillation of wastewater at pH above 9. The ammonia liberated is neutralized in sulfuric acid. The excess sulfuric acid is back titrated with alkali. The estimation of ammonia can be done by any other methods like nesslerization or digestion.
Nitrate nitrogen:
Nitrate nitrogen in drinking water with high nitrate content often causes methemoglobinemia (blue-baby disease) in infants. The maximum concentration should not be allowed to exceed 45 mg/l. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite in digestive system which, in turn, attacks the hemoglobin in infants resulting in methemoglobinemia. Nitrate nitrogen can be estimated by measuring the optical density at 220 nm and 275 nm in spectrophotometer.
Nitrite:
Nitrite can also interact with amine chemically or enzymatically to form nitrosoamines which are carcinogens. This is measured by colorimetric determination using sulfanilamide.
Sulfate:
Sulfate is one of the major anions occurring in natural waters. Sulfates form hard scales in boilers and heat exchangers. Sulfate assumes significance in water and wastewater, as it is associated with odor and sewer-corrosion problems resulting from the reduction of sulfate into hydrogen sulfide under anaerobic conditions. Sulfate in water or wastewater can be estimated by precipitation with barium chloride, acidified with hydrochloric acid.
Phosphates:
Most of the synthetic detergents designed for the household applications contain large amounts of polyphosphates as builders. Many of them contain 12-13% phosphorous or over 50% poly-phosphates. The organisms involved in the biological processes of wastewater treatment require phosphorous for reproduction and synthesis of new cellular material. Phosphorous in wastewater causes eutrophication, which affects transportation in sea/lakes. The presence of phosphorous in wastewater needs to be controlled before it is discharged into the receiving water bodies. Phosphorous present in wastewater can be estimated through colorimetric technique, by adding acidified ammonium molybdate solution to form a molybdophosphate complex.
Nutrients:
Wastewater often contains large amounts of the nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of nitrate and phosphate, which promote plant growth. In severe cases, excessive nutrients in receiving waters cause algae and other plants to grow quickly depleting oxygen in the water. Deprived of oxygen, fishes and other aquatic organisms die, emitting foul odors. Nutrients from wastewater have also been linked to ocean "red tides" that poison fishes and cause illness in humans.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: wastewater on Tumblr
Date Published: Aug 14, 2008 - 3:08 am
There are some important things you must take into account before you begin wastewater treatment.
Acidity:
Can water be acidic in taste? Most natural water, domestic wastewater and many industrial wastewater are buffered by a carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system. Acid waters are of concern because of their corrosive characteristics and the expense involved in removing or controlling the corrosion-producing substances. Mineral acids are measured by titration to a pH of about 3.7.
Alkalinity:
When will the water be alkaline in taste? The alkalinity of natural water is primarily due to the salts of weak acids. Although, weak or strong bases may also contribute. Natural water contains appreciable amounts of carbonate and hydroxide alkalinity. Higher alkaline waters are usually unpalatable. Alkalinity is measured volumetrically by titration with N/50 or 0.020 NH2SO4.
Hardness:
Water is more often hard. Do you agree? Hardness is caused by metallic ions that are capable of reacting with soap to form a precipitate. Calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, strontium chloride, ferrous nitrate and manganese silicate are the major sources for hardness in wastewater. Hardness is determined using ethylene-di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) or its sodium salts as the titrating agent.
Chloride:
Chloride is a major contributor to the 'total dissolved solids' in water/wastewater. The chloride content of water/wastewater increases as its mineral content increases. Chlorides at a concentration above 1000 mg/l give a salty taste, which is objectionable to many people. Chloride concentration of wastewater is estimated by Mohr's method using silver nitrate with potassium chromate as an indicator.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):
The strength of wastewater is judged by BOD. This is defined as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing the organics in wastewater under aerobic conditions, at a particular time and temperature. This can be referred as BOD5, which accounts for 70% of the total BOD. The measurement of BOD is based on the principle: determination of dissolved oxygen content of water/wastewater on the first day and dissolved oxygen content on the fifth day ('5' in BOD5 indicates this). The difference in dissolved oxygen concentrations between first day and fifth day is expressed as BOD of wastewater.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):
What does COD of wastewater mean? This reflects the concentration of organic compounds present in wastewater. This measures the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of organics into carbon dioxide and water. The oxidation of organics in wastewater is carried out by the action of strong oxidizing agents. Generally, acidified potassium dichromate is used as an oxidizing agent for the determination of COD. Silver sulfate is used as the catalyst for the oxidation of organics in wastewater during the determination of COD. Mercuric sulfate is added to control the interference of chloride in the estimation of COD. The method consists of adding a known concentration of potassium dichromate (added with silver sulfate and mercuric sulfate) into wastewater containing organic compounds to be oxidized in the heating condition. After oxidation, the excess potassium dichromate is back titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate.
Importance of COD:
Estimation of COD expresses the total concentration of organics present in the waste water. This measures approximately the theoretical oxygen demand of wastewater. The determination accounts for about 95% of the organic concentration in wastewater. This forms about 1.43 times the BOD of wastewater. BOD to COD ratio reveals the treatability of wastewater. If the ratio of BOD/COD is above 0.5, the wastewater is considered to be highly biodegradable. If the ratio is less than 0.3, the wastewater is deemed to undergo a chemical treatment before the routine biological treatment.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: COD on Hubpages
Acidity:
Can water be acidic in taste? Most natural water, domestic wastewater and many industrial wastewater are buffered by a carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system. Acid waters are of concern because of their corrosive characteristics and the expense involved in removing or controlling the corrosion-producing substances. Mineral acids are measured by titration to a pH of about 3.7.
Alkalinity:
When will the water be alkaline in taste? The alkalinity of natural water is primarily due to the salts of weak acids. Although, weak or strong bases may also contribute. Natural water contains appreciable amounts of carbonate and hydroxide alkalinity. Higher alkaline waters are usually unpalatable. Alkalinity is measured volumetrically by titration with N/50 or 0.020 NH2SO4.
Hardness:
Water is more often hard. Do you agree? Hardness is caused by metallic ions that are capable of reacting with soap to form a precipitate. Calcium bicarbonate, magnesium sulfate, strontium chloride, ferrous nitrate and manganese silicate are the major sources for hardness in wastewater. Hardness is determined using ethylene-di-amine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) or its sodium salts as the titrating agent.
Chloride:
Chloride is a major contributor to the 'total dissolved solids' in water/wastewater. The chloride content of water/wastewater increases as its mineral content increases. Chlorides at a concentration above 1000 mg/l give a salty taste, which is objectionable to many people. Chloride concentration of wastewater is estimated by Mohr's method using silver nitrate with potassium chromate as an indicator.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD):
The strength of wastewater is judged by BOD. This is defined as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing the organics in wastewater under aerobic conditions, at a particular time and temperature. This can be referred as BOD5, which accounts for 70% of the total BOD. The measurement of BOD is based on the principle: determination of dissolved oxygen content of water/wastewater on the first day and dissolved oxygen content on the fifth day ('5' in BOD5 indicates this). The difference in dissolved oxygen concentrations between first day and fifth day is expressed as BOD of wastewater.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):
What does COD of wastewater mean? This reflects the concentration of organic compounds present in wastewater. This measures the total quantity of oxygen required for oxidation of organics into carbon dioxide and water. The oxidation of organics in wastewater is carried out by the action of strong oxidizing agents. Generally, acidified potassium dichromate is used as an oxidizing agent for the determination of COD. Silver sulfate is used as the catalyst for the oxidation of organics in wastewater during the determination of COD. Mercuric sulfate is added to control the interference of chloride in the estimation of COD. The method consists of adding a known concentration of potassium dichromate (added with silver sulfate and mercuric sulfate) into wastewater containing organic compounds to be oxidized in the heating condition. After oxidation, the excess potassium dichromate is back titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate.
Importance of COD:
Estimation of COD expresses the total concentration of organics present in the waste water. This measures approximately the theoretical oxygen demand of wastewater. The determination accounts for about 95% of the organic concentration in wastewater. This forms about 1.43 times the BOD of wastewater. BOD to COD ratio reveals the treatability of wastewater. If the ratio of BOD/COD is above 0.5, the wastewater is considered to be highly biodegradable. If the ratio is less than 0.3, the wastewater is deemed to undergo a chemical treatment before the routine biological treatment.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on wastewater is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched. Read his blog at: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: COD on Hubpages
Date Published: Aug 13, 2008 - 7:56 am
Sewage treatment has assumed a new magnitude itself now, against the background of the risk of fresh water becoming depleted. Wastewater comprises storm-water, water used for varied purposes, and sewage, enveloping the community.
Most urban social groups produce sewage from household as well as nonhousehold sources. Unless duly processed, sewage water can cause illness or disease to the public and pollute the environment.
Here I have expounded on removing solids from wastewater. How may we withdraw solids sinking to the bottom from the sewage?
Easy. By means of a settling tank. It is constituted of the parts given below:
(a) Sedimentation tanks: either plain or chemical precipitation
(b) Septic (Imhoff) tanks
(c) Sludge digestion tanks
**Sedimentation tanks**
This process is implemented with the goal of removing suspended organic and mineral matter from sewage. Subsequent to its being made to go past screens and granules chamber. These are the modules in which sedimentation is effected. The lighter organic wastewater solids, which settle in the sedimentation tanks, are labelled as sludge. Meanwhile the sewage water that has been partially clarified by the settling down of the solids is known as the effluent. Both sludge and effluent should be further treated in order to make them stable and unobjectionable.
The settling in of the solids may be attributed to flocculation, gravity, or aggregation of wastewater-granules. If coagulating chemicals are not added to the sewage, the tanks are referred to as plain sedimentation tanks. Whereas, if chemicals are used for the purpose of bringing the finer suspended and colloidal solids into solid masses of large volume, these are then known as chemical precipitation tanks. Chemicals are added to quicken the settlement process. The chemicals used are ferric chloride, ferric sulphate, chlorinated copper, alum, lime etc.
**Types of sedimentation tanks**
Sedimentation is effected either in horizontal-flow or vertical-flow tanks. The horizontal-flow tanks usually have 4 walls while the others are normally circular.
In a rectangular tank, sewage flows in steadily at one particular end and passes out at the other side, generally over a weir. Sludge is taken out manually and deposited in sludge-digestion tanks. Scum formed above the mass is removed by the mechanical scraper, with the aid of a second sharp edge termed skimmer, via a scum receptacle.
In a circular or upward-flow tank, sewage comes in at the middle, rises upwardly to be pulled out by steadily flowing over a weir on the boundary. Which is mounted on the surface. Similar tanks are specially made to make use of the procedure of flocculation. By Which, fine congealed granules are agglomerated into voluminous wooly masses, which in turn are settled without trouble as slush on the bottom of the tank.
Mechanical blades gather the slush, accumulating it towards the middle, from where it is taken out for further treatment. The sediment removed effluent flowing as a stream above the weir in the outlet is collected in a pipe in the outlet for further processing.
When only raw sewage is to be processed in the tanks being considered, They might well be ordinarily labelled as primary settling tanks or primary clarifiers.
Meanwhile when sewage receives secondary treatment, as in trickling filters or aeration tanks, similar tanks then may be called as secondary settling tanks or secondary clarifiers.
**Design criteria for primary sedimentation tank**
As with the sedimentation tanks in water supply, the volume treatable is decided by the quantity of sewage flowing in and the required treatment period. The criteria are:
(i) time of detention: 1 to 3 hours. Longer periods cause greater efficiency than shorter periods, but extra long hours of treatment may cause septicemia and should not be permitted.
(ii) swiftness of flow: about 30 cm square/min.
(iii) surface loading: you can observe that the overall range of surface loading between 30,000 to 50,000 l / m / day matches that used in regard to horizontal flow and vertical flow sedimentation tanks.
(iv) depth of liquid of physically cleaned settling tanks should be ensured to be above 2.1 m. And for the final settling tank for treated sludge, above 2.4 m.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on "Wastewater Treatment" is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
To learn all about diseases caused by wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: water treatment processes on Zimbio
Most urban social groups produce sewage from household as well as nonhousehold sources. Unless duly processed, sewage water can cause illness or disease to the public and pollute the environment.
Here I have expounded on removing solids from wastewater. How may we withdraw solids sinking to the bottom from the sewage?
Easy. By means of a settling tank. It is constituted of the parts given below:
(a) Sedimentation tanks: either plain or chemical precipitation
(b) Septic (Imhoff) tanks
(c) Sludge digestion tanks
**Sedimentation tanks**
This process is implemented with the goal of removing suspended organic and mineral matter from sewage. Subsequent to its being made to go past screens and granules chamber. These are the modules in which sedimentation is effected. The lighter organic wastewater solids, which settle in the sedimentation tanks, are labelled as sludge. Meanwhile the sewage water that has been partially clarified by the settling down of the solids is known as the effluent. Both sludge and effluent should be further treated in order to make them stable and unobjectionable.
The settling in of the solids may be attributed to flocculation, gravity, or aggregation of wastewater-granules. If coagulating chemicals are not added to the sewage, the tanks are referred to as plain sedimentation tanks. Whereas, if chemicals are used for the purpose of bringing the finer suspended and colloidal solids into solid masses of large volume, these are then known as chemical precipitation tanks. Chemicals are added to quicken the settlement process. The chemicals used are ferric chloride, ferric sulphate, chlorinated copper, alum, lime etc.
**Types of sedimentation tanks**
Sedimentation is effected either in horizontal-flow or vertical-flow tanks. The horizontal-flow tanks usually have 4 walls while the others are normally circular.
In a rectangular tank, sewage flows in steadily at one particular end and passes out at the other side, generally over a weir. Sludge is taken out manually and deposited in sludge-digestion tanks. Scum formed above the mass is removed by the mechanical scraper, with the aid of a second sharp edge termed skimmer, via a scum receptacle.
In a circular or upward-flow tank, sewage comes in at the middle, rises upwardly to be pulled out by steadily flowing over a weir on the boundary. Which is mounted on the surface. Similar tanks are specially made to make use of the procedure of flocculation. By Which, fine congealed granules are agglomerated into voluminous wooly masses, which in turn are settled without trouble as slush on the bottom of the tank.
Mechanical blades gather the slush, accumulating it towards the middle, from where it is taken out for further treatment. The sediment removed effluent flowing as a stream above the weir in the outlet is collected in a pipe in the outlet for further processing.
When only raw sewage is to be processed in the tanks being considered, They might well be ordinarily labelled as primary settling tanks or primary clarifiers.
Meanwhile when sewage receives secondary treatment, as in trickling filters or aeration tanks, similar tanks then may be called as secondary settling tanks or secondary clarifiers.
**Design criteria for primary sedimentation tank**
As with the sedimentation tanks in water supply, the volume treatable is decided by the quantity of sewage flowing in and the required treatment period. The criteria are:
(i) time of detention: 1 to 3 hours. Longer periods cause greater efficiency than shorter periods, but extra long hours of treatment may cause septicemia and should not be permitted.
(ii) swiftness of flow: about 30 cm square/min.
(iii) surface loading: you can observe that the overall range of surface loading between 30,000 to 50,000 l / m / day matches that used in regard to horizontal flow and vertical flow sedimentation tanks.
(iv) depth of liquid of physically cleaned settling tanks should be ensured to be above 2.1 m. And for the final settling tank for treated sludge, above 2.4 m.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on "Wastewater Treatment" is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
To learn all about diseases caused by wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
This has also been published as: water treatment processes on Zimbio
Date Published: Aug 07, 2008 - 10:29 pm
Treating and then reusing sewage will remove the indispensability of employing fresh water. The extent to which the stages of wastewater treatment are costwise viable and provide easy following will give a kick start to recycling and using wastewater. Thus debating the procedures involved in wastewater treatment and their relative merits and demerits, becomes pertinent.
Like tanks using sedimentation, Septic tanks (Imhoff tanks) can play a major role in the process of removing solids from sewage.
Invented by Karl Imhoff of Germany, an Imhoff tank is an improved septic tank in which the inflow of wastewater is not allowed to get blended with the sludge produced. Also, the outflowing effluent is not allowed to carry with it any significant volume of the suspended silt as with a septic tank, featureswise.
**Building and Functional features**
It consists of a 2 chamber tank. The upper chamber is named the deposition of sediment tank or moving in a stream chamber, beyond which sewage flows at a very low velocity; the bottom chamber constitutes the ingestion chamber in which oxygenless or infected disintegration happens.
Solid matters in the wastewater settle to the floor of the sedimentation chamber beyond the slanting lower walls (slope 5 vertical to 4 horizontal). They are made to fall in the digestion chamber through an entrance slot at the bottommost part of the upper chamber. The opening is provided with an airtrap in such a manner that the gaseous fluids produced in the lower chamber cannot make an entrance into the upper chamber.
A gas vent, termed also as, surface skin chamber is fitted in the bottom chamber to remove the vapors going up to the surface. The main gas is methane having a sizeable calorific value and hence may be withdrawn and collected for use. To avert pieces of scum or mud from invading the top chamber, the mire and scum must be kept at a distance of at least forty five centimeters beneath and on top of the openings, sequentially. The clear or zone free of obstructions is called neutral zone.
The bottom chamber comprises 2 to 3 reversed in position cones termed hoppers, with inclined sides (1 : 1) so as to accumulate the sludge at the lowest part of the hopper. The slush is evacuated intermittently using a sludge-pipe, the stream being kept under a fluid pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 m. All of the mud is not withdrawn, only the deepest layers which are fully disintegrated. Some mud is kept behind to maintain the tank seeded with anaerobic bacteria.
To uniformly distribute subsided solids throughout the length of the bottom chamber, so as to make use of the storage capacity to the greatest extent, arrangements for reversing the line of flow at all parts of the tanks, are usually rendered.
**Merits**
Imhoff tanks couple the advantages of both the sedimentation and septic tanks and, therefore find deployment in the case of limited size plants requiring only preliminary treatment. They are more economical and give good results without skilled attention and with minimum problems of getting rid of slush.
**Demerits**
(i) Installing the Imhoff tanks at greater depth spells lack of economy especially where excavation is to be done in rocky terrain or loose sands.
(ii) Imhoff tanks are unsuited to acidity in wastewater
(iii) Full control is not there over their operation. This makes them unsuited for being deployed in large size plants where separate sludge digestion tanks are resorted to.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
To learn all about eliminating suspended solids from wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
Keywords: wastewater treatment, recycling wastwater, reusing wastwater, recycling and reusing wastewater, removing solids from wastewater, eliminating suspended solids from wastewater, Imhoff tank, Karl Imhoff
This has also been published as: reusing wastwater on Blogspot
Like tanks using sedimentation, Septic tanks (Imhoff tanks) can play a major role in the process of removing solids from sewage.
Invented by Karl Imhoff of Germany, an Imhoff tank is an improved septic tank in which the inflow of wastewater is not allowed to get blended with the sludge produced. Also, the outflowing effluent is not allowed to carry with it any significant volume of the suspended silt as with a septic tank, featureswise.
**Building and Functional features**
It consists of a 2 chamber tank. The upper chamber is named the deposition of sediment tank or moving in a stream chamber, beyond which sewage flows at a very low velocity; the bottom chamber constitutes the ingestion chamber in which oxygenless or infected disintegration happens.
Solid matters in the wastewater settle to the floor of the sedimentation chamber beyond the slanting lower walls (slope 5 vertical to 4 horizontal). They are made to fall in the digestion chamber through an entrance slot at the bottommost part of the upper chamber. The opening is provided with an airtrap in such a manner that the gaseous fluids produced in the lower chamber cannot make an entrance into the upper chamber.
A gas vent, termed also as, surface skin chamber is fitted in the bottom chamber to remove the vapors going up to the surface. The main gas is methane having a sizeable calorific value and hence may be withdrawn and collected for use. To avert pieces of scum or mud from invading the top chamber, the mire and scum must be kept at a distance of at least forty five centimeters beneath and on top of the openings, sequentially. The clear or zone free of obstructions is called neutral zone.
The bottom chamber comprises 2 to 3 reversed in position cones termed hoppers, with inclined sides (1 : 1) so as to accumulate the sludge at the lowest part of the hopper. The slush is evacuated intermittently using a sludge-pipe, the stream being kept under a fluid pressure of 1.2 to 1.8 m. All of the mud is not withdrawn, only the deepest layers which are fully disintegrated. Some mud is kept behind to maintain the tank seeded with anaerobic bacteria.
To uniformly distribute subsided solids throughout the length of the bottom chamber, so as to make use of the storage capacity to the greatest extent, arrangements for reversing the line of flow at all parts of the tanks, are usually rendered.
**Merits**
Imhoff tanks couple the advantages of both the sedimentation and septic tanks and, therefore find deployment in the case of limited size plants requiring only preliminary treatment. They are more economical and give good results without skilled attention and with minimum problems of getting rid of slush.
**Demerits**
(i) Installing the Imhoff tanks at greater depth spells lack of economy especially where excavation is to be done in rocky terrain or loose sands.
(ii) Imhoff tanks are unsuited to acidity in wastewater
(iii) Full control is not there over their operation. This makes them unsuited for being deployed in large size plants where separate sludge digestion tanks are resorted to.
Author Bio:
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
To learn all about eliminating suspended solids from wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
Keywords: wastewater treatment, recycling wastwater, reusing wastwater, recycling and reusing wastewater, removing solids from wastewater, eliminating suspended solids from wastewater, Imhoff tank, Karl Imhoff
This has also been published as: reusing wastwater on Blogspot
Date Published: Aug 05, 2008 - 6:12 am
Contaminated water could be the source of four categories of diseases : water borne, water washed, water based and water related.
Diseases brought forth by water may be conveyed through
faeces or sputum. Relatively many are due to bacteria; these comprise typhoid and cholera. Yet others are due to the phage virus or bacteriophages. Jaundice and infectious hepatitis are among
these. Still others are the handiwork of protozoans.
Amoebic meningo and amoebic dysentery are prominent instances of these.
Diseases brought forth by water may be forestalled by one or the other: ensuring the fineness of drinking water, or avoiding using water from polluted sources.
There are also some diseases that can be classified as water washed diseases. These diseases are transmitted from person to person, water being the
medium. Skin ailments, like conjunctivitis and leprosy are prime examples among these. To eliminate water
washed diseases, you must guarantee approach to a dependable residential water supply source. And also increase the quantity of water at hand, for cleaning, washing, etc. so as to forestall sharing of the same water by many people.
Liver fluke and guinea worm diseases rank in a role of honor of water based diseases. Curbing snail
populations, and filtering the water using a porous
woven fabric, so as to eliminate cyclops, snails or larvae will help prevent these illnesses. Apart from this disinfecting polluted water is usually also done.
Water related diseases refer to those spread by vector organisms. Filaria, dengue fever and malaria rank high amongst these. These can be prevented by rendering useless the breeding sites of insects. Also
you could reduce visiting these sites, and use mosquito
repellants while sleeping at night.
Diseases originating from organisms, appearing from contaminated
water include Dracunculiasis, which is a guinea worm infestation.
The disease affects adult persons, when fresh water crustaceans cyclops are in the primary stage of larva.
The characteristic signs of the disease involve a stinging or burning sensation felt by the affected person, before the
popping up of an eruption. The blister then breaks open, and an ulcer manifests itself, when the afflicted portion of the skin is sprinkled with water. This happens when the female worm is on the point of emitting larvae on the skin exterior. Throwing up and
nausea may also occur with the initial advent of the blister.
Other ailments originating from organisms caused through tainted
water are Typhoid, Paratyphoid, and Cholera,
Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, and Schistosomiasis, and
illness caused due to cyanobacteria, Cyclospora, and Naegleria.
Once again, the following diseases also originate from organisms in tainted water : Escherichia coli, Shigellosis (bacillany dysentery), and Campylobacterios, Yersinia infections,
Plesiomonas infections, and Aeromonas infections, and Melioidosis, Legionnaire's disease, and Pseudomonas infections, (aerobic, nonspore forming, gram negative bacilli).
Additionally, there are some more diseases springing from organisms in polluted water : Mycobacterial disease, Tularaemia, and Leptospirosis, Helicobacter infections, Viral hepatitis, and Viral gastroenteritis, and Enterovirus infections,
Poliomyelitis, and Adenoviral infections.
Among these, Schistosomiasis can prove occasionally fatal, if Katayama fever, happens
within 4 to 6 weeks of infection.
The harbingers include nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
flatulence, bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. In some cases, as with sickness caused due to cyanobacteria, skin rashes occur. When afflicted with Cholera, kidney and heart failure occurs, due to dehydration of tissue. TB and leprosy may be caused by Mycobacterial disease. Viral hepatitis devolves as jaundice.
Author Bio:
To learn all about diseases caused by wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming
popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
Keywords: wastewater diseases, polluted water diseases, contaminated water diseases, diseases caused by wastewater, diseases originating from wastewater, wastewater
disease, polluted water disease, contaminated water disease, diseases caused by wastewater
This has also been published as: wastewater diseases on Zimbio
Diseases brought forth by water may be conveyed through
faeces or sputum. Relatively many are due to bacteria; these comprise typhoid and cholera. Yet others are due to the phage virus or bacteriophages. Jaundice and infectious hepatitis are among
these. Still others are the handiwork of protozoans.
Amoebic meningo and amoebic dysentery are prominent instances of these.
Diseases brought forth by water may be forestalled by one or the other: ensuring the fineness of drinking water, or avoiding using water from polluted sources.
There are also some diseases that can be classified as water washed diseases. These diseases are transmitted from person to person, water being the
medium. Skin ailments, like conjunctivitis and leprosy are prime examples among these. To eliminate water
washed diseases, you must guarantee approach to a dependable residential water supply source. And also increase the quantity of water at hand, for cleaning, washing, etc. so as to forestall sharing of the same water by many people.
Liver fluke and guinea worm diseases rank in a role of honor of water based diseases. Curbing snail
populations, and filtering the water using a porous
woven fabric, so as to eliminate cyclops, snails or larvae will help prevent these illnesses. Apart from this disinfecting polluted water is usually also done.
Water related diseases refer to those spread by vector organisms. Filaria, dengue fever and malaria rank high amongst these. These can be prevented by rendering useless the breeding sites of insects. Also
you could reduce visiting these sites, and use mosquito
repellants while sleeping at night.
Diseases originating from organisms, appearing from contaminated
water include Dracunculiasis, which is a guinea worm infestation.
The disease affects adult persons, when fresh water crustaceans cyclops are in the primary stage of larva.
The characteristic signs of the disease involve a stinging or burning sensation felt by the affected person, before the
popping up of an eruption. The blister then breaks open, and an ulcer manifests itself, when the afflicted portion of the skin is sprinkled with water. This happens when the female worm is on the point of emitting larvae on the skin exterior. Throwing up and
nausea may also occur with the initial advent of the blister.
Other ailments originating from organisms caused through tainted
water are Typhoid, Paratyphoid, and Cholera,
Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, and Schistosomiasis, and
illness caused due to cyanobacteria, Cyclospora, and Naegleria.
Once again, the following diseases also originate from organisms in tainted water : Escherichia coli, Shigellosis (bacillany dysentery), and Campylobacterios, Yersinia infections,
Plesiomonas infections, and Aeromonas infections, and Melioidosis, Legionnaire's disease, and Pseudomonas infections, (aerobic, nonspore forming, gram negative bacilli).
Additionally, there are some more diseases springing from organisms in polluted water : Mycobacterial disease, Tularaemia, and Leptospirosis, Helicobacter infections, Viral hepatitis, and Viral gastroenteritis, and Enterovirus infections,
Poliomyelitis, and Adenoviral infections.
Among these, Schistosomiasis can prove occasionally fatal, if Katayama fever, happens
within 4 to 6 weeks of infection.
The harbingers include nausea, vomiting, anorexia,
flatulence, bloating, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. In some cases, as with sickness caused due to cyanobacteria, skin rashes occur. When afflicted with Cholera, kidney and heart failure occurs, due to dehydration of tissue. TB and leprosy may be caused by Mycobacterial disease. Viral hepatitis devolves as jaundice.
Author Bio:
To learn all about diseases caused by wastewater, click: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com .
Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming
popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
Keywords: wastewater diseases, polluted water diseases, contaminated water diseases, diseases caused by wastewater, diseases originating from wastewater, wastewater
disease, polluted water disease, contaminated water disease, diseases caused by wastewater
This has also been published as: wastewater diseases on Zimbio
Date Published: Aug 02, 2008 - 3:16 am
Wastewater is polluted by various organic substances.
Vegetable Plants, animals and human beings comprise the origins of natural or synthetic organic compounds. Food, agricultural products, human excreta, paper products, detergents, and cosmetics, and wastes from households are all ample in volume and organic in nature.
Organic compounds built up from the above sources are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other trace elements. Organic compounds including fats, proteins and carbohydrates are degradable by organisms; still, they can contaminate the medium in which they occur.
Large concentration of degradable organics in wastewater is lethal to streams, lakes, and oceans because organisms consume oxygen dissolved in water, to degrade the wastes. This can deplete the dissolved oxygen in the body of water necessary for survival of water based life forms, causing the death of large numbers of fish, adding to the putrid smell, and leading to blanket lowering of water quality.
Some organic compounds are less volatile than others and cannot be decomposed instantaneously by bacteria. This requires some extra input while treating. This holds true with varied lab formulated organic compounds targeted at the farm and manufacturing sectors.
It is sad but true that some of the synthetic organic compounds and that belong to dyes, and pigments are toxic to humans, fish, and aquatic plants but often are poured off unheedingly in the environment in drains or carried in storm-water.
Thus, the large water bodies into which tainted wastewater flows, such as lakes, seas, and oceans, pollute fish, making them unfit to eat. Similar dissolved organics can further decrease the efficacy of the processes in treatment.
Pollution of wastewater by organic substances thereby marks the next area for innovation in waste effluent treatment.
Author Bio:
To learn all about wastewater contaminants, visit: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com . Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
Vegetable Plants, animals and human beings comprise the origins of natural or synthetic organic compounds. Food, agricultural products, human excreta, paper products, detergents, and cosmetics, and wastes from households are all ample in volume and organic in nature.
Organic compounds built up from the above sources are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other trace elements. Organic compounds including fats, proteins and carbohydrates are degradable by organisms; still, they can contaminate the medium in which they occur.
Large concentration of degradable organics in wastewater is lethal to streams, lakes, and oceans because organisms consume oxygen dissolved in water, to degrade the wastes. This can deplete the dissolved oxygen in the body of water necessary for survival of water based life forms, causing the death of large numbers of fish, adding to the putrid smell, and leading to blanket lowering of water quality.
Some organic compounds are less volatile than others and cannot be decomposed instantaneously by bacteria. This requires some extra input while treating. This holds true with varied lab formulated organic compounds targeted at the farm and manufacturing sectors.
It is sad but true that some of the synthetic organic compounds and that belong to dyes, and pigments are toxic to humans, fish, and aquatic plants but often are poured off unheedingly in the environment in drains or carried in storm-water.
Thus, the large water bodies into which tainted wastewater flows, such as lakes, seas, and oceans, pollute fish, making them unfit to eat. Similar dissolved organics can further decrease the efficacy of the processes in treatment.
Pollution of wastewater by organic substances thereby marks the next area for innovation in waste effluent treatment.
Author Bio:
To learn all about wastewater contaminants, visit: http://www.all-about-wastewater-treatment.com . Richard J. Runion is the President of Geostar Publishing & Services LLC. Rich loves net research & blogging. His new blog on Wastewater Treatment is fast becoming popular, as it is comprehensive and well-researched.
Date Published: Jul 29, 2008 - 9:14 am
