All About Arts - Art history, styles, movements, trends, schools,
periods
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Principally applied to the processes of printing from various kinds
of blocks, plates or type, such as etching, drypoint, lithography,
wood and linoleum block printing, etc.
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But what of the actual subject-matter which the majority of
sculptures and paintings seek to portray? What of their content? Is
this of secondary importance?
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We refer to the art of Antiquity, of the Middle Ages, of the
Renaissance and of the Modern Age. This is a very broad
classification, but it is still valid.
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Sculpture is the art of the sense of touch. When Michelangelo was
nearly blind, it is said, he asked to be led to the statue of the
Apollo of Belvedere so that he could feel the form with his hands.
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Uccello, 'The Rout of San Romano'; Titian, 'The Battle of Cadore',
'General del Vasco addressing his soldiers'; Tintoretto, 'The
Battle of Zara'; and Leonardo's famous cartoon, since lost, of 'The
Battle of Anghiari'.
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The earliest illuminated manuscripts north of the Alps date from
the 7th century. PreCarolingian illumination (7th and 8th cent.)
mostly absorbed late classic Eastern and Byzantine influences and
produced some works of the highest order, especially in the British
Isles.
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The earliest surviving articles of jewellery are Egyptian. Many
techniques are represented: chiselling, moulding, hammering, inlay,
filigree and cloisonné.
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Lace-making falls into two classes: (1) needlepoint made by the
needle; (2) bobbin or pillow lace made with bobbins and pins on a
pillow. Pillow lace may easily be distinguished from Point lace as
in the former the ground or réseau is made of plaited thread.
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The Renaissance planners alone tried once again to devise 'ideal
cities' on strictly geometric lines, preferably circular, polygonal
or square, with a radial street system. But few towns were in fact
built in this manner (Palmanova, Hanau, Freudenstadt).
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A mosaic is a design formed by embedding small stones, vitreous or
enamelled cubes in cement. The method is an outgrowth of inlay. A
remarkable piece of mosaic dating from c. 3500 B.C. was excavated
at Ur.
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Landscape is the latest to develop of the various branches of
painting. It probably cannot mature until a civilisation is
sufficiently advanced for Man no longer to feel Nature as a wholly
unpredictable, hostile force.
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A lithograph is a flat print, i. e. the lines and areas to be
printed are neither raised nor sunk, but entirely level with the
plate. This can be made of limestone or slate, which is the reason
for speaking of a lithograph (Greek lithos -- a stone).
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The monks of Early Christendom lived separately in scattered cells,
meeting at the monastic church for ritual purposes and in the
refectory for meals. Later, the accommodation for the monks in
Eastern Christendom was regularly built against the inside of a
fortified girdle wall.
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Renaissance artists such as Leonardo, Dürer, Verrocchio and Cellini
thought it natural to design all manner of things. After all,
architecture is strictly speaking an 'applied art', since it has a
function.
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